“What a freedom that one can argue against all? … Is this freedom for one, is not slavery for all?”

Stanislaw Barszczak— In Poland, is to be more and more beautiful—

Part one:

The Hôtel Lambert, September 9, 1855.

First I would like to tell you about this rich Polish family, who years ago bought the Hotel Lambert.

Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, Adam George Czartoryski in English; 14 January 1770 – 15 July 1861) was a Polish noblestatesman and author. He was the son of Prince Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski and Izabela Fleming. Czartoryski held the distinction of having been part, at different times, of the governments of two mutually hostile countries. He wasde facto Chairman of the Russian Council of Ministers (1804–6), and President of the Polish National Government during theNovember 1830 Uprising against Imperial Russia. Czartoryski was born on 14 January 1770 in Warsaw. He was the son of Prince Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski and Izabela Fleming. It was rumored that Adam was the fruit of a liaison between Izabela and Russian ambassador to Poland, Nikolai Repnin. However, Repnin left the country two years before Adam Czartoryski was born. After careful education at home by eminent specialists, mostly French, he went abroad in 1786. At Gotha, Czartoryski heard Johann Wolfgang von Goethe read his Iphigeneia in Tauris and made the acquaintance of the dignified Johann Gottfried Herder and “fat little Christoph Martin Wieland.” In 1789 Czartoryski visited Great Britain with his mother and was present at the trial of Warren Hastings. On a second visit in 1793 he made many acquaintances among the British aristocracy and studied the British constitution. In the interval between these visits, he fought for his country during the Polish–Russian War of 1792 (was one of the early recipients of the Virtuti Militari decoration for valor there), which preceded the Second Partition of Poland, and would subsequently also haveserved under Tadeusz Kościuszko, had he not been arrested on his way to Poland at Brussels by the Austrian government in the service of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor. After the Third Partition of Poland the Czartoryski estates were confiscated, and in May 1795 Adam and his younger brother Constantine were summoned to Saint Petersburg. Later in 1795, the two brothers were commanded to enter the Russian service, Adam becoming an officer in the horse, and Constantine in the foot guards. Catherine the Great was so favourably impressed by the youths that she restored them part of their estates, and in early 1796 made them gentlemen-in-waiting. Adam had already met Grand Duke Alexander at a ball at Princess Golitsyna‘s, and the youths at once conceived a strong “intellectual friendship” for each other. On the accession of Tsar Paul I, Czartoryski was appointed adjutant to Alexander, nowTsarevich, and was permitted to revisit his Polish estates for three months. At this time the tone of the Russian court was relatively liberal. Political reformers including Pyotr Volkonsky and Nikolay Novosiltsevpossessed great influence on the tsar.

Throughout the reign of Paul I, Czartoryski was in high favour and on terms of the closest intimacy with the Tsar, who in December 1798 appointed him ambassador to the court of Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia. On reaching Italy, Czartoryski found that that monarch was a king without a kingdom, so that the outcome of his first diplomatic mission was a pleasant tour through Italy toNaples, the acquisition of the Italian language, and a careful exploration of the antiquities of Rome. In the spring of 1801 the new tsar, Alexander I, summoned his friend back to Saint Petersburg. Czartoryski found the Tsar still suffering from remorse at his father’s assassination, and incapable of doing anything but talk religion and politics to a small circle of friends. To all remonstrances, he only replied, “There’s plenty of time.” Tsar Alexander appointed Czartoryski curator of the Vilna Academy (3 April 1803) so that he might give full play to his advanced ideas. Czartoryski was, however, unable to devote much attention to education, for from the beginning of 1804, as foreign-affairs adjunct, he had exercised practical control of Russian diplomacy. His first act had been to protest energetically Napoleon’s murder of a Bourbon royal prince theDuke of Enghien (20 March 1804) and insist on an immediate rupture with the government of the French Revolution, then under First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte, whom the tsar considered a regicide. On 7 June 1804, the French minister, Gabriel Marie Joseph, comte d’Hédouville, left St. Petersburg; and on 11 August a note dictated by Czartoryski to Alexander was sent to the Russian minister in London, urging the formation of an anti-French coalition. It was also Czartoryski who framed the Convention of 6 November 1804, whereby Russia agreed to put 115,000, and Austria 235,000, men in the field against Napoleon. Finally, in April 1805 he signed an offensive-defensive alliance with George III‘s United Kingdom. But Czartoryski’s most striking ministerial act was a memorial written in 1805, otherwise undated, which aimed at transforming the whole map of Europe: Austria and Prussia were to divide Germany between them. Russia was to acquire the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmora, the Bosporus with Constantinople, and Corfu. Austria was to have BosniaWallachia and RagusaMontenegro, enlarged by Mostar and the Ionian Islands, was to form a separate state. The United Kingdom and Russia together were to maintain the equilibrium of the world. In return for their acquisitions in Germany, Austria and Prussia were to consent to the creation of an autonomous Polish state extending from Danzig (Gdańsk) to the sources of the Vistula, under the protection of Russia. This plan presented the best guarantee, at the time, for the independent existence of Poland. But in the meantime Austria had come to an understanding with England about subsidies, and war had begun. While Czartoryski was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Imperial Russia he was rumoured to have been a lover of Louise of BadenEmpress consort to Alexander I of Russia. In 1805 Czartoryski accompanied Alexander to Berlin and to Olmütz (Olomouc, Moravia) as chief minister. He regarded the Berlin visit a blunder, chiefly due to his distrust of Prussia; but Alexander ignored his representations, and in February 1807 Czartoryski lost favour and was superseded by Andrei Budberg. But, though no longer a minister, Czartoryski continued to enjoy Alexander’s confidence in private, and in 1810 the Tsar candidly admitted to Czartoryski that in 1805 he had been in error and that he had not made proper use of his opportunities.

That same year, Czartoryski left Saint Petersburg forever; but the personal relations between him and Alexander were never better. The friends met again at Kalisz (Greater Poland) shortly before the signing of the Russo-Prussian alliance on 20 February 1813 and Czartoryski was in the Tsar’s suite at Paris in 1814, and rendered him material services at the Congress of Vienna. It was considered that Czartoryski, who more than any other man had prepared the way for the creation of Congress Poland and had designed the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland, would be its first namiestnik, or viceroy, but he was content with the title of senator-palatine and a role in the administration. In 1817 he married Anna Sapieżanka. The wedding led to a duel with his rival, Ludwik Pac. On his father’s death in 1823, Czartoryski retired to his ancestral castle at Puławy; but the November 1830 Uprising brought him back to public life. As president of the provisional government, he summoned (18 December 1830) the Sejm of 1831, and, after the end of Chlopicki‘s dictatorship, was elected chief of the supreme council (Polish National Government) by 121 out of 138 votes (30 January 1831). On 6 September 1831, his disapproval of the popular excesses at Warsaw caused him to resign from the government after having sacrificed half his fortune to the national cause… On 23 August 1831 he joined Italian General Girolamo Ramorino‘s army corps as a volunteer, and subsequently formed a confederation of the three southern provinces of Kalisz,Sandomierz and Kraków. At war’s end, when the Uprising was crushed by the Russians, he was sentenced to death, though the sentence was soon commuted to exile. On 25 February 1832, while in the United Kingdom, he founded a Literary Association of the Friends of Poland. Czartoryski then emigrated to France, where he resided in Paris’ Hôtel Lambert—a prominent Polish-émigre political figure, head of a political faction accordingly called the Hôtel Lambert. Czartoryski was the Chairman of the Polish National Uprising Government and the leader of a political emigration party. He founded Polonezköy (Adampol) in 1842. The settlement was named Adam-koj (Adamköy) after its founder, which means the “Village of Adam” in Turkish (Adampol means “Town of Adam” in Polish). Polonezköy or Adampol is a small village at the Asian side of Istanbul, about 30 kilometres away from the historic city centre. Adam Czartoryski wanted to create the second emigration centre here (the first one was in Paris, France.) He sent his representative, Michał Czajkowski, to Turkey. Michał Czajkowski, after converting to Islam in 1850, became known as Mehmed Sadyk Pasza (Mehmet Sadık Paşa). He purchased the forest area which encompasses present-day Adampol from a missionary order of Lazarists. At the beginning, the village was inhabited by only 12 people, and there were no more than 220 people when the village was most populated. Over time, Adampol developed and populated by emigrants from the unsuccessful rebellions of November 1848, the Crimean War in 1853, and by escapees from Siberia and from captivity in Circassia. The inhabitants engaged in agriculture, animal raising and forestry. After the November Uprising in 1830-31 until his death, Czartoryski supported the idea of resurrecting an updated Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on federation principles. The visionary statesman and former friend, confidant and de facto foreign minister of Russia’s Tsar Alexander I acted as the “uncrowned king and unacknowledged foreign minister” of a non-existent Poland. He had been disappointed when the hopes that he held, as late as the Congress of Vienna, in Alexander’s willingness to undertake reforms, did not eventuate. The distillation of his subsequent study and thought was Czartoryski’s book, completed in 1827 but published only in 1830,Essai sur la diplomatie (Essay on Diplomacy). This book is, according to the historian Marian Kamil Dziewanowski, indispensable to an understanding of the Prince’s many activities conducted in France’s capital following the ill-fated Polish November 1830 Uprising. Czartoryski wanted to find a place for Poland in the Europe of the time. He sought to interest western Europeans in the adversities facing his stateless nation that, he considered, nevertheless to be an indispensable part of the European political structure. Pursuant to the Polish motto, “For our freedom and yours“, Czartoryski connected Polish efforts for independence with similar movements of other subjugated nations in Europe and in the East as far as the Caucasus. Thanks to his private initiative and generosity, the émigrés of a subjugated nation conducted a foreign policy often on a broader scale than had the old Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Of particular interest are Czartoryski’s observations, in the Essay on Diplomacy, regarding Russia’s role in the world. He wrote that, “Having extended her sway south and west, and being by the nature of things unreachable from the east and north, Russia becomes a source of constant threat to Europe.” He argued that it would have been in Russia’s interest, instead, to have surrounded herself with “friend[s rather than] slave[s].” Czartoryski also identified a future threat from Prussia and urged the incorporation of East Prussia into a resurrected Poland. Above all, however, he aspired to reconstitute – with French, British and Turkish support – a Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth federated with the Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Romanians and all the South Slavs of the future Yugoslavia. Poland, in his concept, could have mediated the conflicts between Hungary and the Slavs, and between Hungary and Romania. Czartoryski’s plan seemed achievable during the period of national revolutions in 1848–49 but foundered through the lack of western support, on Hungarian intransigence toward the Czechs, Slovaks and Romanians, and on the rise of German nationalism.” “Nevertheless”, concludes Dziewanowski, “the Prince’s endeavour constitutes a [vital] link [between] the 16th century Jagiellon [federative prototype] and Józef Piłsudski‘s federative-Prometheist program [that was to follow after World War I]. Czartoryski died at his country residence at Montfermeil, near Meaux, on 15 July 1861. He left two sons, Witold (1824–65) and Władysław Czartoryski (1828–94), and a daughter Izabela, who in 1857 married Jan Kanty Działyński(see,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski)

Prince Władysław (Ladislaus) Czartoryski (July 3, 1828 – June 23, 1894) was a Polish noble, political activist in exile, collector of art, and founder of the Czartoryski Museum in Kraków. Son of Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski and Princess Anna Zofia Sapieha, he married Maria Amparo, Countess of Vista Alegre, daughter of Queen Maria Christina of Spain by morganatic relation to the Augustín Fernández Muñoz, Duke of Riansares, on March 1, 1855 in Malmaison near Paris. Their son August Czartoryski contracted tuberculosis at the age of 6, from his mother who died soon thereafter. August (known as “Gucio”) had as a tutor Joseph (later Saint Raphael) Kalinowski. Władysław hoped that his son would pursue a diplomatic career, but Gucio went against his father’s wishes and joined the religious order of the Salesians. Gucio was ordained a priest in 1893, but neither his father nor anyone else in the family attended the ceremony, and he died a year later of tuberculosis at the age of 34. Gucio was beatified in 2004, on track to becoming a saint himself. On January 15, 1872 Prince Władysław married his second wife, Princess Marguerite Adelaide of Orléans, daughter of the Duke of Nemours and granddaughter of King Louis-Philippe of France, with whom he had two more sons in 1872 (Adam Ludwik Czartoryski) and 1876. Prince Władysław was an activist of Hotel Lambert. From 1863-1864 he was the main diplomatic agent of the revolutionary National Government (Rząd Narodowy) with theEnglishItalianSwedish and Turkish governments. He was also owner of the great family collection of art: paintings, sculptures and antiquities. He was greatly interested in Egyptian art, making his purchases at sales in Paris and directly in Egypt. He donated some objects to the Polish Library in Paris and also other archeological artifacts to the Jagellonian University. In 1871, he donated objects to the Polish Museum in RapperswilSwitzerland. In 1865 he organized an exhibition of the “Czartoryski Collection” in the “Polish Room” of the Exposition des Arts Decoratifs in Paris. In 1878 he reopened the Czartoryski Museum in Kraków, which was founded by his grandmother Izabela Czartoryska in 1801 in Puławybut closed after the November Uprising. He died in Boulogne-sur-Seine and was buried in the Sieniawa Family crypt.(see, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladyslaw_Czartoryski)

Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, acting vigorously on a plane Eastern policy Hotel Lambert, acquired a large part of Polish emigration. A person with a lot of authority and recognition in exile circles, was without a doubt Adam Mickiewicz. On 11 June 1855., During an audience with the Emperor Napoleon III, the leader of the liberal-monarchist camp put forward a proposal to entrust the A. Mickiewicz scientific mission of  an historical and literary statistical. On 9 September 1855 Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski  issued on in honor of the poet farewell luncheon at the Hotel Lambert, and 11 September 1855 Breakfast was issued in the Hall of the luxurious restaurant Mesain de la Tour d’Argent. Soon after Mickiewicz flows from Marseilles to Constantinople. Mission East Mickiewicz started a new qualitative stage in his exile episode. The trip was accompanied by the young Prince Władysław Czartoryski, Henry Służalski and personal secretary to the poet Armand Levy. The aim of the mission was led to conclude a political consensus between the rival commanders of the Polish regiments in Turkey: Sadyk Pasha and Władysław Zamoyski. Diplomacy Hotel Lambert was associated with the mission of certain hopes, counting on the authority of Mickiewicz as a mediator in such a delicate matter. Not everyone liked the poet political rapprochement with the Hotel Lambert, there were some who gave expression about it in their polemical disputes. Adam Mickiewicz died in Constantinople 26 November 1855 year. On January 21, 1856 the funeral took place at the Church of St. Madeleine in Paris, and then a poet was buried in the cemetery at Montmorency, attended by many immigrants and the employees of the Arsenal Library, in recent years Mickiewicz worked there. At the cemetery in Montmorency were also students from the College de France, where Mickiewicz in his lectures for the first time spoke about the Balkan nations.

During lunch Adam Mickiewicz said shortly,- Today is my day, I want to be with you forever!

(will be continued)

 

The second part

We are in the palace chapel at the Hotel Lambert, the night is New Year’s Eve 1858, the baptism of August Czartoryski, the son of Prince Władysław Czartoryski and Maria Amparo, Countess of Vista Alegre. Who is this child who is baptized?

Blessed August Franciszek Maria Anna Józef Kajetan Czartoryski, Duke of Vista Alegre (1858–1893) was a Prince of the Polish Czartoryski family, born in Paris during the family’s exile. A sickly child, he spent much of his youth being shuttled to various health spas. He was accompanied and tutored by a Polish patriot, Father Raphael Kalinowski, a man who was later canonized. Prince August also turned to the priesthood, and after dying at a relatively young age of tuberculosis, was himself beatified, on the path towards becoming a saint. Prince August was born in Paris, the only child of Prince Ladislaus (Władysław) Czartoryski and Princess María Amparo, Countess of Vista Alegre (daughter of Maria Christina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Queen of Spain, and her secret husband Agustín Fernando Muñoz, Duke of Riánsares). The Czartoryski magnate was one of the most powerful families in Poland during the 18th century, but in the 19th century they were exiled from Poland by the Russians, and had their base of operations at the Hôtel Lambert in Paris. To his family, the young prince was known as “Gucio”. He was a sickly child, having contracted tuberculosis from his mother at the age of 6 (she later died of the disease, leaving him her title of Count of Vista Alegre). Much of his life was spent being shuttled to different health spas in mountains and along beaches that had “good air” for the afflicted. From the age of 10 to 17 he studied in Paris and Kraków. In 1872, when Gucio was 14, his father Prince Ladislaus remarried to Marguerite Adélaïde, and had two more sons in 1872 and 1876. A tutor was hired for Gucio in 1874—Joseph Kalinowski, a Polish patriot who had just returned to Poland from a ten-year sentence in Siberia. Joseph also suffered from respiratory ailments, and accompanied Gucio to many of his destinations. In a letter to his sister Mary, Joseph wrote that he was “father, mother, nurse, brother, companion and caretaker” for the boy. Joseph and August remained close companions until 1877, when Joseph joined the religious order of the Discalced Carmelites and took the name “Raphael of St. Joseph”. He was declared a saint by Pope John Paul II in 2004. It was Prince Ladislaus’s desire that his son Gucio pursue a diplomatic career, but the young prince felt a different calling. He was encouraged by Pope Leo XIII to follow Don Bosco (later Saint Don Bosco) of the Salesians. In 1887, after meeting Don Bosco, Gucio joined that order in Turin, with the ailing Bosco’s blessing. He studied theology and philosophy but his health continued to decline. On April 2, 1892 he was ordained as a priest by the Bishop of Ventimiglia, though his family discouraged this, and refused to attend the ceremony. He died only a year later, on April 8, 1893, in Alassio, Italy, of tuberculosis, at the age of 34. He had been created Duke of Vista Alegre in 1876. The title was inherited by his eldest sister’s son.(see, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Czartoryski; the continuation of the second act)

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